Sociological Theories on Education in the World - 2078 Words

Sociological Theories on Education in the World Judy Davis SOC 101 Allen Lipscomb March 1, 2010 Sociological Theories on Education in the World There are many different sociological theories on education in America and other parts of the world. Throughout the history of education, the institution has served both economic as well as political needs. Both of these needs have also dictated the function of education. â€Å"Throughout the world, education has become a vast and complex social institution that prepares citizens for the roles demanded by other social institutions, such as the family, government, and the economy† (Schaefer, 2009 pg 313). In the world today, there is a debate between sociologists and educators about three of the†¦show more content†¦Conflict theorists bring to light how schools in different areas do not provide an equal opportunity for certain students due to areas in which schools are placed. Often the ethnic and racial background the person is from has an impact on the school in that area. â€Å"In 2004, the nation marked the 50th anniversary of the Supreme Court’s landmark decision Brown v. Board of education, which declared it unconstitutional to segregate public schools† (Schaefer,2009 pg 315). Today schools across the country still have classrooms that do not portray a melting pot of different and diverse students. In most cases, lower-income areas school children from minority groups with very few white children if any. While in the affluent neighborhoods one will not find very many minority groups being represented. A feeling that comes into play in the conflict theorist view is that they think a student’s individualism and creativity may be stifled because a child is not able to express him or herself. The institution feels that social norms need to be upheld in order to continue and maintain social control. There is a â€Å"hidden curriculum† taught in our schools. A hidden curriculum can be defined as the unofficial rules and routines in the structures of schools. St udents progressing through the education institutions learn their values beliefs and attitudes from examples of what is expected in the classroom environmentShow MoreRelatedA Study Of Human Social Relationships And Organisations Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesa connection between education and social inequilty. The educational system helps ypung people to prepare for the ecomnice system. The structure of the education system helps them with displaine and to prepare them to enter the workforce. As regards to my CA brief I will be discussing what sociologh is. Before I will addressing my main topic which is ,I have been asked to look at the early years sector from a socioligal prepesctive and give the view of 3 leading sociological thinkers and to concludeRead MoreSociological Perspective Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesthis paper is to construct an essay and define the sociological perspective. To be able to explain how my knowledge of the Sociological Perspective has helped me to u nderstand the social world on both a macro and micro level. This essay will include the definition, discussion and application of specific sociological terms, concepts and theories. The study of sociology brings people to view topics in a unique way than others. The way we see the world, human behavior, as well as its connection to societyRead MoreSociological Theories And Concepts Of Functionalism And Stratification1515 Words   |  7 Pagesis the study which seeks to understand society, social life and to understand ourselves, humans, as part of that social world [http://www.sociologyonline.co.uk]. The term ‘sociology’ was developed by Auguste Comte, a French philosopher, in 1838. Comte believed that scientific facts are able to explain the social world. Sociologists, such as Comte, study issues including: education, inequality and religion. Comte believed that sociologists play crucial roles in guiding society. In the 18th century theRead MoreSociological Theories And Concepts Of Functionalism And Stratification1518 Words   |  7 PagesSociology is the study which seeks to understand society, social life and to understand ourselves, humans, a s part of that social world [Giddens, A, 2006, p.2]. The term ‘sociology’ was developed by Auguste Comte, a French philosopher, in 1838. Comte believed that scientific facts are able to explain the social world. Sociologists, such as Comte, study issues including: education, inequality and religion. Comte believed that sociologists play crucial roles in guiding society. In the 18th century the ‘Enlightenment’Read MoreSociology Is The Systematic Study Of Human Society1157 Words   |  5 Pagesus about the world we live in and the choices we make, even without directly thinking about it. Not only does it provide insight to the choices we do make, but also choices we do not make. We live in a world where sociology is everywhere and in everything we experience, with certain differences between cultures, norms, and values. It allows us to understand how larger social forces influence us personally. We learn all of this, starting with a sociological perspective . A sociological perspectiveRead MoreSociological Theories And The Structural Functional Theory1356 Words   |  6 PagesSociological Theories: Compare and Contrast The Structural-Functional theory definition: Two theorist who were major contributors to the structural functional theory where Herbert Spencer and Robert Merton. Also known as functionalism, it is a framework for building theory that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and solidarity. Important concepts in the perspective of functionalism include social structure, social functions, latent functions and manifestRead MoreEssay about Sociological Theory1497 Words   |  6 Pages Sociological Theory To be able to evaluate Functionalism, Marxism and Interactionism we must first look at the strengths and weaknesses in each. There are many variations and interpretations of each of these theories, therefore for the sake of simplicity only the key ideals will be discussed. Functionalism looks at society as an organized structure of inter-related institutions; and the various ways these institutions interact together within a social structureRead MoreWhy You Are Performing Heart Surgery Or Scanning Grocery Items For A Living1665 Words   |  7 Pageslocation. These other factors include, but not limited to, education, job, gender, age, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, and of course the time period in which you are in. For me, I am a Hispanic 21-year-old male college student. This, along with my place in history, identifies my social location. The crux of a person’s existence in the political and social world can be expressed through social location. I have found where I land in the social world by realizing my social location and I wish to furtherRead MoreTheories of Entrepreneurship1647 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Entrepreneurship is a phenomenon that is driving the world economy today and aptly so because entrepreneurship is the process of creating economic and social value by means of taking risks, creating and exploiting opportunity and generating new ideas. Entrepreneurship is all pervasive and can exist in any industry and market. Also, entrepreneurship is not limited to creating new ventures; entrepreneurship also exists in large corporations like Google and 3M where employees are encouragedRead MoreSociology : An American Sociologist C. Wright Mills1204 Words   |  5 Pagesin the sociological world. Sociology also helps us to recognize our position in the society by our â€Å"sociological imagination.† An American sociologist C. Wright Mills created the term sociological imagination to know our interdependent relationship between who we are as individual and the influences around us that shape our lives. By imagining how our actions might look to another person, we can have a b etter understanding on ourselves and our social worlds. Mills argued that the sociological imagination

Enron Corporate Culture - 3743 Words

ENRON Corporate Culture Q1: Analyse the corporate culture at Enron and its management’s behaviour. Include in your analysis, the normative theory of ethics which you would consider most relevant in driving the decision making at Enron. Enron began by merger of two Houston pipeline companies in 1985, although as a new company Enron faced a lot of financial difficulties in the starting years, though the company was able to survive these financial problems (Enron Ethics, 2010). In 1988 the deregulation of the electrical power markets came into action and flipped the company from up to down, after deregulation company business updated from delivering energy to becoming an energy broker and soon after this Enron once a company struggling†¦show more content†¦(Enron Ethics, 2010). In this case of Enron the corporate culture played a vital role of its collapse. It was culture of full of moneymaking strategies and greed, in the firm Greed was good and money was God. There was no or very little regards for ethics or the law, they operated as there was no law and ethics in the world (Enron Ethics, 2010). Such culture affected all the employees of the firm from top to down. Organizational culture supported unethical behaviour and practises, corruption, cheating and those were all widespread. Many executives and managers knew that the firm is following illegal and unethical practises, but the executives and the board of directors did not knew how to change this unethical culture, the firm used creative accounting and were making showing misleading profits every day. Reputation management enabled them carry on their illegal and unethical operations. Moreover if the company made huge Revenue in the unethical way then the new individual who joined the firm would also h ave to practise all those unethical practises to survive in the company. All of the management was filled by greed and ambition, their decisions became seriously imperfect, thus the firm fell back and managers had to pay in the price in the form imprisonment and fines. Greed is the main key factors that brought the Enron â€Å"the most innovative company† to downfall. Enron was looking into the ways ofShow MoreRelatedEnron And Corporate Culture Of Enron1322 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In 1985 The Enron Corporation came into existence after a successful merger between two gas pipeline companies. The company nurtured a very competitive culture, which encouraged employees to win at any means necessary. Enron’s culture led employees to â€Å"cast loyalty and ethics aside in favor of high performance† (Ferrell, p. 494). The executives of Enron covered up their increasing debt by using special purpose entities. Meanwhile, Enron continued to report increasing profits to theirRead MoreThe Corporate Culture Of Enron1474 Words   |  6 Pagesthe corporate culture of Enron contribute to its bankruptcy? The Enron Corporation was an energy trading and utilities company that eventually failed due to the discovery that Enron was hiding large debts and losses in financial documents. â€Å"Through its subsidiaries and numerous affiliates, the company provided products and services related to natural gas, electricity, and communications for its wholesale and retail customers† (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2015, p. 486). A company’s corporate cultureRead MoreCorporate Culture Of Enron And Bankruptcy1327 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The case study is about Enron and about their biggest failure that lead the company towards bankruptcy. Enron got bankrupt to the extent that was no point of returning back and reversing its wrong doings. The only thing that the company had to think about was how to return the losses of its creditors. Enron Corp. was left with $12 billion in assets which was to be distributed among more than 20,000 creditors. Around 80% of creditors of Enron backed the long-awaited reorganization planRead MoreThe Failed Corporate Culture of Enron4805 Words   |  20 PagesThe Failed Corporate Culture of Enron High risk accounting, inappropriate conflicts of interest, extensive undisclosed off-the-books activity, excessive compensation Ââ€" these are some of the headings of the report prepared by the U.S. Senates Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations titled The Role of the Board of Directors in Enrons Collapse. (Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 2002) In February, 2002, Enrons former Chief Executive Officer Jeffery Skilling had testified before membersRead MoreThe Impact Of Enron s Corporate Culture1950 Words   |  8 PagesVarying Impacts Enron’s corporate culture had a great deal to do with the benefits it gave to its employees as well as its top managers beginning with overlooking unethical behavior as long as it provided monetary value. Their corporate culture is described as arrogant, and rightfully so, by the end of 2000 Enron had become the sixth largest energy company in the world (United States Government Publishing Office, 2003, p. 67). This mindset of superiority and pride lead employees to believe they couldRead MoreUniversity of Phoenix Organizational Culture1133 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational culture can be defined as the system of attitudes, beliefs and values that are collectively expressed in support of organizational structure. Organizational culture is a pattern of shared basic assumptions that dictate the behavior of individuals within an organization. Culture determines which practices are appropriate and which are not, effectively developing standards, guidelines, and expectations for individuals within an organization. Although they work hand in hand, there isRead MoreFailure Of Responsible Management : Enron Corporation1645 Words   |  7 Pageswhich failure of responsible management. The Enron Corporation is an example, because Enron event is the typical case for organization failure of responsible management In the end of 2001, Enron scandal has been disclosure, Enron stock prices slumped, and its financial tricks was exposed. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began survey of company s records. Enron’s auditor ‘Arthur Andersen ‘destroys relevant documents. (Ailon, G. 2011) Enron was bankruptcy in December 2001, and became theRead MoreEnron’s Stakeholder Impact Case Analysis Essay1725 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Widely known as the champion of the energy industry, Enron is suddenly faced with a corporate crisis in the form of a scandal. This scandal involves not only Enron’s accounting practices but also its corporate governance and culture (Lawrence Weber, 2008). This report will recommend some potential strategies for Enron to move forward from the scandal. To do this, we must incorporate stakeholder theory, which â€Å"argues that corporations serve a broad public purpose; to create valueRead MoreEnron, An American Energy Company1587 Words   |  7 PagesEnron Leadership One of the best examples recently seen relating to bad leadership is what took place within Enron. Throughout the late ‘90’s, Enron, an American energy company, was considered one of the country s most innovative companies; while the company continued to build power plants and operate gas lines, it became better known for its unique trading businesses (npr.org, 2014). It can be described as the ideal company for the dotcom-driven stock market boom of the 90s; Enron threw itselfRead MoreEnron : The Leading Factor That Had Enron Into Its Demise Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pagesfactor that had Enron into its demise revolves around the notion that, â€Å"companies are often so concerned with appearance and damage control that they are unwilling to engage in the degree of examination required to root out the entrenched causes of trust violations† (Hurley, Gillespie, Ferrin Dietz, 2013). The historical performance of Enron’s rising share prices, coupled to th e constant positive media attentions, only added fuel to the fire in terms of Enron’s competitive culture. As a consequence

Behind the Scenes of Human Cloning free essay sample

A look at the history of human cloning, its recent development and attitudes towards the phenomenon. An in-depth look at aspects of human cloning. The author outlines some major points about the ethics, myths and process of human cloning. Included is an examination of various cloning foundations, the history and development of cloning, legal issues and an analysis of the ethicality and moral issues around the topic. Cloning is one of the foremost thoughts on peoples minds today. A clone is a group of genetically identical cells. The term clone also refers to a group of organisms that are genetically identical. Today science can clone an entire plant or animal, not just a group of cells. The process of cloning humans is currently being deemed unethical, but there are some in the scientific community that are in favor of this experimentation. A clone would look identical to its predecessor. All of the genes in the clone would also be the same but the application of these genes may be different. We will write a custom essay sample on Behind the Scenes of Human Cloning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The clone would not have the same personality or mentality of his or her predecessor. Identical twins are clones of each other but they develop into two different people and are not considered to be the same. A persons clone would grow up differently and not be subjected to the exact same environment as its predecessor, therefore so they may not be the same person except for in looks and genes.

Analyzed and Discussed Self Career management †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Self Career management. Answer: Introduction People demonstrate three type of career self-managing behavior that includes positioning, influence and boundary management. The behavior of the people eliminates any existing carrier barriers and provides a vocational adjustment. Career self management has become one of the integral aspects of professionals that helps to develop goal for an individual along with a layout plan by assessing ones strengths and weaknesses. After effective planning and evaluating, one is able to successfully execute his/her career plan in a smooth fashion that eventually leads to career advancement and brings career satisfaction to the employee. Thus, career self management is a process through which an individual collects relevant information that is required for career progression through self assessment and identifying opportunities. As the case study illustrates the career life of Dave Armstrong, who was born and brought up in Texas and became the President of a subsidiary company of Thorne Enterprises. After making consistent efforts for eighteen months, Dave left the company to join life insurance business and lead a comfortable life. In Spite of earning a handsome salary, Dave faced the challenge of not been able to take a vacation with his new job. After working day and night for insurance job, Dave got accepted into Harvard Business Review. Now he has to make a career decision between three jobs prospects that seems attractive to Dave. Dave is confused between the three job prospects as the job he chooses is going to define his future career and an inappropriate decision could mess up his future career prospects. The report would aim to discuss the above case by analyzing all the three different job opportunities that Dave has as of present in order to provide suitable recommendations based on the theories discussed in literature review. Literature Review: Scope Career self management is the process of gathering the relevant information regarding ones career through self assessment and recognizing opportunities. This section would try to cover the importance of career development and making an intelligent career choice by applying the existing knowledge. The literature review would also encompass employability skills and factors for an individual. Further, work life balance would be illustratively presented to demonstrate the importance of managing career in an individuals life. Career Development According to Inkson (2007), there are various stages of career in an individuals life that could either be because of various roles available in the society or persons physical change over a period of time. He described theory of career development, which was discovered by Donald Super, as a framework for career guidance by focusing on the attributes and development of individuals. The theory stated that each and every profession has a unique requirement in terms of personal characteristics and the people are attracted towards these characteristics. The author focused on work roles of an individual that could vary from family role to professional role and emphasized on balancing ones personal life with the job. The authors Arthur, Khapova Richardson (2017), illustrate through various case studies and examples how an individual can take ownership of work and life by making an intelligent career choice. The authors have very well described an intelligent career that involves the knowledge of an individual acquired over the period of years. The authors have also focused on the working style and methods that involves the application of the acquired knowledge and knowledge extension through consistent learning process. According to the authors Inkson Arthur (2001), in order to manage the career one must skillfully match individual and organization needs. The authors have described the processes of investment, portfolio development, capital growth that leads to career advancement. According to Briscoe et al (2012), there are two major career concepts including protean career and boundaryless career. Protean career has a value driven approach and is independent of the external career influences. A boundaryless career does not perceive structural constraints and the decision is taken by considering all the aspects that could include work family reasons. The authors construed that boundaryless employees are not necessarily less committed to the organization. The authors Briscoe Finkelstein (2009), also supported the idea that boundaryless career and protean career attitudes are differentially correlated. Rodrigues Guest (2010) stated that the concept of boundaryless career is fuzzy by drawing the potential of another method to conceptualize career boundaries. Employability According to the author Bridgstock (2009), an individual must have employment skills in the fast changing global business context. They must look forward for continuous development by acquiring knowledge and skills with the changing information and knowledge intensive economy. The stress was on developing generic skills that is defined as transferable skills that are considered vital for employability. Further, an individual must possess attributes such as lifelong learning and adaptability. According to Rothwell Arnold (2007), employability has become one of the topmost concerns for the individuals and their key goal is to be able to manage their careers effectively. The authors Wolff Moser (2009) stated that networking has a huge impact on career by stressing on six components that considered the impact of internal external networking and building, maintaining and using contacts. According to Janasz Forret (2008), networking helps to develop and maintain relationship with others that opens opportunities for an individual. Managing Career The author Sturges (2008), identified the connection between career self management and managing work life harmony. He construed through the research that an individual may be involved in various career self management behaviors as per the career goal. The author identified one of the behaviors as creating a balance between work and life and people who are only focused towards their career could destruct their work life balance. The author also tried to demonstrate the influence of career stages on career goal and behavior of an individual to construe that career attitude and behavior has a great impact on work life balance and is the major concern of younger members irrespective of their family responsibilities. The authors Weng McElroy (2010), studied the impact of career self management and vocational self concept crystallization on the effectiveness of an individuals decision. The study revealed that career self management has a positive impact on effectiveness of job decision and vocational self concept crystallization. The study also revealed that vocational self concept crystallization has positive impact on effectiveness of job decision. The authors Abele Wiese (2007), analyzed the self management strategies including development of goals, goal pursuing behavior, career planning and comparative judgment. The authors claimed that general strategy is connected to domain specific strategy, which can be further linked to the results. Discussion and Analysis Dave has been offered three job opportunities and all the three of them have some pros and cons associated with them due to which Dave is facing pressure of selecting the best job opportunity that offers a bright future. Job A is the best job prospect for Dave and in order to understand it the report would discuss the pros and cons of all the three jobs. Job B has been offered by one of the oil exploration company in Houston and require Dave to invest an amount of 100k dollars that is one third of the total equity. Dave would receive around 60, 000 dollars as an annual compensation. The deal does not have any attractiveness as the business would cease to exist after two years period. Further, Dave would also lose the opportunity to operate in partnership in case the oil and gas glut dries up before they launch the company. All he would be getting is just 8% commission for his performance. If Dave wishes to make an intelligent career choice, he would never chose this option as there is not future and security in the job in terms of salary and security. Further, Dave would also have to make an initial investment of 100k $ that could just go in vain if he loses the equity partnership. Job C is the most convenient job for Mr Dave and is also the top choice of his wife. The job offers Dave a secure future with 45k dollars salary. Dave would be required to work for oil and gas investment fund in the firm and would be analyzing the properties of oil and gas. The job is a perfect combination of security and salary for an individual. Now analyzing the job from the theory of intelligent career would suggest that Dave must evaluate alternatives before choosing the option. Dave has already received the offer of more than 50k dollars from other two companies due to which the attractiveness of the offer goes away. Dave has graduated from Harvard Business School and thus, has the caliber to acquire a job with higher salary. This job may offer him security but does not offer a good salary. The career intelligence theory stated that one must have a better understanding of oneself before making a career choice (Arthur, Khapova Richardson, 2017). Further, one must also match the quality of organization and an individual before selecting the organization (Inkson Arthur, 2001). From the two theories, it can be construed that Daves skills and the organizational skills do not match effectively since Dave is very ambitious and seek to groom himself through continuous learning process. The organization does not offer him a justified position and underestimates his talent and potential strength. Thus, Dave must not go for this job opportunity. Job A is being offered by Mr Thorne that would require a huge investment from Dave. Thorne has offered Dave an offer to work with him for piggyback rail terminal that is situated between Dallas and Houston. The project is being studied by a group of business school students to evaluate the feasibility. The offer seems attractive as it is likely to attract business from Dallas and Houston. The cost of land on which the project would be built is 1/100 the cost of industrial property located in Dallas or Houston. The job offer seems lucrative if considered from the salary and future perspective. Dave would receive around 50k-70k salary along with bonus and equity share in the business. Dave must make an intelligent career choice here by applying all his knowledge and evaluating the external factors. He must also analyze the situation from an alternative perspective. He must consider that he would also be required to invest a huge amount of 200k to 300k dollars for which he would have pu t up his entire savings in the project. He would also have to make many adjustments in his lifestyle and his wife would also have to bear it. Further, the business may or may not be able to generate results in future that could devastate the entire career of Dave. Now from self career management theory, it can be construed that Dave must consider from the aspect of work life balance (Sturges, 2008). The job may cost Dave and his wife a huge fortune in future and thus, he must consider the opinion of his wife as well in order to secure their future. In spite of several cons, this is the most lucrative offer for Dave because of its unique idea and low cost strategy plan. From the given information and present scenario, the plan also promises to yield great results in future. Also his wife is also looking forward for him to be happy and according to the theory of career self management, the quality of an individual and organization must match that can be witnessed in this case. Dave ha s huge potential to build a great business empire through his determination and ambitious nature. Thus, using the theory of career self management, it can be construed that Dave must go for Job A to work with Mr Thorne where he can utilize his potential strength and become a successful businessman. Conclusion The report has successfully analyzed and discussed self career management through the case study of Dave. Career self management has become an integral component for a professional. A professional must assess his strengths and weaknesses in order to develop a specific career path for him and must analyze the external factors before making any career choice. They must look forward for continuous development by acquiring knowledge and skills with the changing information and knowledge intensive economy. The stress was on developing generic skills that is defined as transferable skills that are considered vital for employability. After thorough and deep investigation of the case study, the report evaluated Job A as the best alternative for Dave. Job B did not have any future in terms of business as the business was likely to disappear. The job also did not have any partnership promise in future as it was likely to go if oil and gas glut dries. Further, job did not match with the skills of Dave who is ambitious and determined for his career. Job C was evaluated as the most convenient job that also did not match up with the skills of Dave. Dave is most likely to get frustrated with the job after sometime because of his ambitious nature. Further job also did not offer a good pay to Dave. Job A was evaluated to be risky and required a huge amount of investment but is the most feasible and lucrative job for Dave as it matches with the skill sets of Dave. References Abele, A.E., Wiese, B.S. (2007). The Nomological Network of Self-Management Strategies and Career Success. Labor and Socio Economic Research Center, 7, 1-30. Arthur, M., Khapova, S. Richardson, J. (2017). An Intelligent Career: Taking Responsibility for Your Work and Your Life. New York: Oxford University Press Bridgstock, R. (2009). The graduate attributes weve overlooked: enhancing graduate employability through career management skills. Higher Education Research Development, 28(1), 31-44. Briscoe, J. P., Finkelstein, L. M. (2009). The new career and organizational commitment: do boundaryless and protean attitudes make a difference?.Career Development International,14(3), 242-260. Briscoe, J. P., Henagan, S. C., Burton, J. P., Murphy, W. M. (2012). Coping with an insecure employment environment: The differing roles of protean and boundaryless career orientations.Journal of Vocational Behavior,80(2), 308-316. de Janasz, S. C., Forret, M. L. (2008). Learning the art of networking: A critical skill for enhancing social capital and career success.Journal of management education,32(5), 629-650. De Vos, A., Soens, N. (2008). Protean attitude and career success: The mediating role of self-management.Journal of Vocational behavior,73(3), 449-456. Inkson, K. Arthur, M. (2001). How to be a successful career capitalist. Organizational Dynamics, 30(1), p 48-61. Inkson, K. (2007). Understanding Career: The metaphors of working lives. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Raabe, B., Frese, M., Beehr, T. A. (2007). Action regulation theory and career self-management.Journal of Vocational Behavior,70(2), 297-311. Rodrigues, R. A., Guest, D. (2010). Have careers become boundaryless?.Human Relations,63(8), 1157-1175. Rothwell, A., Arnold, J. (2007). Self-perceived employability: development and validation of a scale.Personnel review,36(1), 23-41. Sturges, J. (2008). All in a day's work? Career self?management and the management of the boundary between work and non?work.Human Resource Management Journal,18(2), 118-134. Weng, Q., McElroy, J. C. (2010). Vocational self-concept crystallization as a mediator of the relationship between career self-management and job decision effectiveness.Journal of Vocational Behavior,76(2), 234-243. Wolff, H. G., Moser, K. (2009). Effects of networking on career success: a longitudinal study.Journal of Applied Psychology,94(1), 196.